Make Your R Package Easier to Cite

Scientists rarely cite research software they use as part of a research project. As a consequence, the software and the time spent developing and maintaining it becomes an invisible scholarly contribution. Furthermore, this lack of visibility means that incentives to produce high quality, sustainable software are missing. Among many reasons why software is not cited, one is the lack of a clear citation information from package developers. In this tech note we provide some tips on how to make it really easy to cite your software.

We shall also give some insights on hurdles the users of your package might face when wanting to cite your package, as well as a brief presentation of our monitoring of the literature to find use cases of our packages. We are planning to include this topic in our package dev guide. By commenting on this post you can help us strengthen our package citation guidance! Thanks to Adam Sparks for commenting on a draft of this post!

🔗 Clear citation rules for your package

To make it really easy for users to cite your package, you should store citation metadata in the expected places and advertise it very clearly.

• Create and populate the CITATION file, as thousands of R packages have done (3,386 out of 16,002 packages on CRAN as of the 15th of January, 2021¹). It’s easy to create a boilerplate with usethis::use_citation().
• Archive each release of your GitHub repo on Zenodo and add the Zenodo top-level DOI to the CITATION file.
• If your software has a clear research application, you can also publish a paper at the Journal of Open Source Software, Journal of Open Research Software among others. You can append a software publication to your CITATION file.
• Less related to your package itself but to what supports it: if your package wraps a particular resource such as data source or, say, statistical algorithm, remind users of how to cite that resource via e.g. citHeader(). Maybe even add the reference for the resource?

As an example see nasapower CITATION file that refers to both the manual and a paper. All it lacks is a Zenodo DOI for the manual – although most users would probably end up citing the JOSS paper.

citHeader("While nasapower does not redistribute the data in any way,\n",
          "we encourage users to follow the requests of the POWER\n",
          "Project Team:\n",
          "\n",
          "'When POWER data products are used in a publication, we\n",
          "request the following acknowledgment be included:\n",
          "These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research\n",
          "Center POWER Project funded through the NASA Earth Science\n",
          "Directorate Applied Science Program.'\n",
          "\n",
          "To cite nasapower in publications, please use:")

citEntry(
  entry = "Article",
  author = as.person("Adam H Sparks"),
  title = "nasapower: A NASA POWER Global Meteorology, Surface Solar Energy and Climatology Data Client for R",
  doi = "10.21105/joss.01035",
  year = 2018,
  month = "oct",
  publisher = "The Open Journal",
  volume = 3,
  number = 30,
  pages = 1035,
  journal = "The Journal of Open Source Software",

  textVersion = paste("Sparks, Adam (2018). nasapower: A NASA POWER Global Meteorology, Surface Solar Energy and Climatology Data Client for R. Journal of Open Source Software, 3(30), 1035, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01035"))

year <- sub("-.*", "", meta$Date)
note <- sprintf("R package version %s", meta$Version)

bibentry(bibtype = "Manual",
         title = "{nasapower}: NASA-POWER Data from R",
         author = c(person("Adam", "Sparks")),
         year = year,
         note = note,
	 url = "https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nasapower")

 textVersion = paste0("Adam H Sparks, (", year, ").",
  " nasapower: A NASA POWER Global Meteorology, Surface Solar Energy and Climatology Data Client for R. ",
  note, ".",
  " https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=nasapower")

• Direct potential readers to the preferred citation in the README by adding boilerplate text “here’s how to cite my package”. See e.g. ecmwfr README.

“Personally, I take a “belt-and-suspenders” approach and still put citation things in the README.” Noam Ross, rOpenSci forum

“I [advertise the citation info in the README] too, just to make it painfully obvious how to cite the work.” Adam Sparks, rOpenSci forum

Although some authors use on-load messages to encourage citations, we discourage this practice and recommend that developers highlight this information in their README and documentation.

🔗 Why is it hard to cite software?

Despite your best efforts to encourage users to cite your software, you might still run into challenges. Authors may have limits on the number of references they can cite in a journal or face resistance from their coauthors. Other authors may simply be unaware that they can use citation("packagename") to easily retrieve the citation information for an R package or that they even should cite the package because it is not something that has been commonly promoted.

These problems can’t all be fixed at once by one motivated individual (neither you the developer nor they the user), so more advocacy and teaching is needed. In the meantime, how do we adapt software citation guidelines to realistically accommodate for all situations?

🔗 How rOpenSci tracks package usage

At rOpenSci we monitor the scientific literature to discover uses and mentions of our packages that you can browse on our citations page. As sometimes packages are used but not listed in the references section, we report any usage of the packages in papers. Here’s Scott Chamberlain’s workflow.

• Scott gets lots of Google Scholar alerts (one per package name, unless that package name will lead to too many false positives) at his gmail address.
• He uses gmailr and googlesheets4 to push those up to Google sheets.
• He then manually clicks through to each link and look for the given package mention and records if a package is actually used (mentioned in the Methods section, and/or cited).
• He updates several JSON files of the citations.
• One of these JSON citation files is used to populate the citations page (via a Hugo data template in a layout file). Any update of the ropensci-org/ropensci_citations repo triggers a Netlify build of our website thanks to a Netlify build hook (basically, an URL) and a GitHub Actions workflow (that simply pings this URL)

As part of our new Moore Foundation funded effort, we are building a system to automatically detect R package citations in literature and append them to package records in R-universe. Stay tuned on our blog for more details.

🔗 Conclusion

In this post we shared guidance on how to help your R package land in the references section of the papers that used it². We also mentioned some hurdles even well-meaning users might face, and explained how we track for usage of our packages in the scientific literature. We encourage you to share your experience and wisdom in the comments below, as we are planning to consolidate them together with our content, to add a new topic to our dev guide.